Trematodes
While more than 750 million people around the world are at risk for food-borne trematode infections (FBT), an estimated 40 million people are infected with one or more of these parasites (WHO, 1995). The majority of these infections (around 38 million) are fish-borne infections and are mainly occurring in some 20 countries where the parasites are endemic. Although seldom fatal, trematode diseases can cause morbidity and complications leading to death. The cause of infection is the ingestion of viable trematode metacercariae, which can be present in the flesh of, raw, inadequately cooked or minimally processed freshwater fish, molluscans and crabs. Infections are prevalent in several countries and among communities where eating raw, fermented or inadequately cooked fish is a cultural habit.
To control a disease, it is important to know where it is endemic. In trematode disease it is also necessary to have a complete understanding of the biology of the parasite, the life cycle and each stage of the life cycle must be known from the egg via the miracidium to the cercaria to the metacercaria to the adult parasite. All hosts must be determined: the snail (first intermediate), the animal host or vegetation (second intermediate) upon which metacercaria may encyst.
The adult worms are small, flat, slender and measures from a few up to 20 mm in length and 3-5 mm at the widest area. The general life cycle of trematodes, having fish as the second intermediate host is shown in Figure 5.13.
Figure 5.13 Life cycles of trematodes having fish as an intermediate host (redrawn from Strauss 1996).
There are three main groups of fish-borne trematodes infecting man (Table 5.23):
the liver flukes , the lung flukes, the intestinal flukes.
Table 5.23 Trematode parasites transmitted by fish
Parasite
Second inter-mediate host
Geographical area1
Estimated no. of infections (millions)
Liver flukes:
Clonorchis sinensis
> 100 species of freshwater fish, mainly carp
C, RK, J, R, V
7-13
1. Geographical area: SEA: South East Asia, EE: East Europe, R: Russia, U: Ukraine, C: China, RK: Republic of Korea, J: Japan, P: Peru, E: Ecuador, W+CA: West- and Central Africa, EU: Europe, ME: Middle East
While more than 750 million people around the world are at risk for food-borne trematode infections (FBT), an estimated 40 million people are infected with one or more of these parasites (WHO, 1995). The majority of these infections (around 38 million) are fish-borne infections and are mainly occurring in some 20 countries where the parasites are endemic. Although seldom fatal, trematode diseases can cause morbidity and complications leading to death. The cause of infection is the ingestion of viable trematode metacercariae, which can be present in the flesh of, raw, inadequately cooked or minimally processed freshwater fish, molluscans and crabs. Infections are prevalent in several countries and among communities where eating raw, fermented or inadequately cooked fish is a cultural habit.
To control a disease, it is important to know where it is endemic. In trematode disease it is also necessary to have a complete understanding of the biology of the parasite, the life cycle and each stage of the life cycle must be known from the egg via the miracidium to the cercaria to the metacercaria to the adult parasite. All hosts must be determined: the snail (first intermediate), the animal host or vegetation (second intermediate) upon which metacercaria may encyst.
The adult worms are small, flat, slender and measures from a few up to 20 mm in length and 3-5 mm at the widest area. The general life cycle of trematodes, having fish as the second intermediate host is shown in Figure 5.13.
Figure 5.13 Life cycles of trematodes having fish as an intermediate host (redrawn from Strauss 1996).
There are three main groups of fish-borne trematodes infecting man (Table 5.23):
the liver flukes , the lung flukes, the intestinal flukes.
Table 5.23 Trematode parasites transmitted by fish
Parasite
Second inter-mediate host
Geographical area1
Estimated no. of infections (millions)
Liver flukes:
Clonorchis sinensis
> 100 species of freshwater fish, mainly carp
C, RK, J, R, V
7-13
1. Geographical area: SEA: South East Asia, EE: East Europe, R: Russia, U: Ukraine, C: China, RK: Republic of Korea, J: Japan, P: Peru, E: Ecuador, W+CA: West- and Central Africa, EU: Europe, ME: Middle East
13 comments:
Italian newspapers write that anisakis is thriving for the first time in history in the Adriatic Sea between Italy and the former Yugoslavia.
It is one of the reasons why the market for anchovies has all but collapsed. Anchovies are usually brined instead of cooked and someone in the supply chain has to pay for removal of the parasites which consumers are not willing to pay for.
As a side note, anchovies can cause 2 major health problems even when not infested with parasites. Anchovies can concentrate domoic acid, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning. And anchovies also contain a high level of uric acid, a build-up of which can cause gout.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides
A quarter of human population is estimated to be infected by this parasite.
http://www.naturalnews.com/028519_parasites_weight_loss.html
The government of Hong Kong recently issued a warning to its citizens against ingesting Ascaris worms for weight loss purposes. One of the latest diet crazes in the country, the practice of eating the giant intestinal roundworms has become so popular that the nation's Department of Health decided to make a public statement in opposition to it.
The idea behind eating worms to lose weight is that the parasites burrow in the gut and help to eat people's food, thus reducing the amount of ingested calories. As revolting as it sounds, the practice has become quite popular in the developed far east where obesity rates have been steadily climbing. Long work days, unhealthy diets, and limited exercise are all factors that have resulted in a sharp increase in the number of overweight Hongkongers.
Ascaris worms can grow up to 40 centimeters in length and lay up to 200,000 eggs a day inside a person's intestine. According to spokesmen from the Hong Kong Department of Health, the parasites can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and malnutrition. They can also cause more serious problems like biliary and pancreatic duct obstruction and lung invasion, all of which can eventually lead to death.
This parasite also attacks salmon but it's mutter because it's microscopic.
http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/outposts/2010/04/fish-and-game-qa-1.html
What happened to the trout fishery in Lake Oroville?
April 8, 2010
The rainbow trout that were planted in the 1970s weren’t surviving because of a parasite called Ceratomyxa shasta that thrived in the warm surface water of the reservoir, but was less lethal in the slightly cooler water of the Thermalito Afterbay.
Cymothoa exigua, a parasite that attaches itself to the tongue of a spotted rose snapper fish, atrophies the tongue and then replaces it like a doppelganger.
http://elegans.uky.edu/blog/pics/Cymothoa_exigua5.jpg
Picture here
http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=704
Tongue-eating louse found on supermarket snapper
A diner preparing a Red snapper for lunch found something rather nasty inside the mouth of the fish.
This "tongue-eating louse" is actually a type of isopod and Brock says it's believed to be the only creature known to eat and replace the organ of its host.
"We believe it to be indigenous to the Gulf of California, and I suspect the tongue louse was either imported here in the mouth of the red snapper or perhaps it has started to appear in European seas.
C. exigua is the only known parasite which replaces the organ of its host. So much blood is removed from the tongue of the fish by the blood-thirsty parasite that the tongue atrophies and shrinks to a stub. The parasite remains in the place of the tongue and is used by the fish in the same way as its tongue was.
http://veggierevolution.blogspot.com/2009/04/lice-from-fish-farms-attack-wild-salmon.html
Here is a picture of 3 lice attacking a farmed salmon.
Why is farmed salmon on the acceptable list?
http://www.canada.com/Salmon+farmers+protesters+oversimplifying+issues/2915068/story.html
She was responding to a new 'salmon are sacred' campaign calling for the elimination of fish farms in B.C. waters because of the alleged threat of sea lice.
Sea lice were a naturally occurring marine parasite found on wild salmon, herring, stickleback and other fin fish, and introduced to farmed salmon
B.C. Salmon Farmers insist they don't want sea lice to be a problem - and companies continue to contribute to research on the topic, monitor their farms regularly with reports audited by government agencies, and treat when required under the guidance of a veterinarian.
Gyrodactylus salaris is a small monogenean ecto-parasite (about 0.5 mm long) which mainly lives on the skin of freshwater Atlantic salmon. It attaches to the fish by a large specialized posterior attachment organ, the (haptor) which has sixteen sharp hooks located around its margin.
http://www.fishnewseu.com/latest-news/world/3282-norwegian-research-shows-wild-salmon-can-develop-resistance-to-deadly-parasite.html
For more than 20 years the Norwegian management of wild Atlantic salmon stock has during focused on eradicating the deadly Gyrodactylus parasite by treating infected rivers with rotenone poison and other chemicals.
However, full eradication has proven unsuccessful so far and the costs now exceed NOK 300 million.
Wild Atlantic salmon stocks are at record low levels, and are struggling even after several decades of international efforts to stop the decline. An excessively large proportion of migrating salmon smolts do not survive in the sea.
In addition, the wild salmon stock of the Northeast Atlantic is threatened by the salmon parasite Gyrodactylus salaris during the first months of life in fresh water.
Every year, the parasite kills large amounts of salmon juveniles in Norwegian rivers, where nearly 50 percent of the Atlantic salmon stock spawns. Consequently, the parasite is contributing to a further reduction of the stocks.
http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local-beat/More-Dead-Fish-Found-in-NJ-Pond-91526654.html
Unknown parasite killing fish in New Jersey ponds.
http://nbbusinessjournal.canadaeast.com/gleaner/article/1025640
Cod aquaculture may be a budding business in Atlantic Canada, but for all its promise it is also literally plagued with a huge problem - an affliction that a University of New Brunswick biology student is studying in order to help find a solution.
Many of these fish, which are stocked at high densities in aquaculture sites across the Maritimes, are infected with a parasite called Loma morhua that reduces their growth rates erodes their immune systems, and can even leave them literally belly up in the water.
The parasite forms white cysts half a millimetre wide in tissues that have high blood flow such as the spleen, heart and gills. It's at the gills that the parasites are passed on - bursting like a tiny boil, oozing out contagious microscopic spores into the surrounding water, in turn infecting neighbouring fish.
http://www.news-medical.net/news/20100426/Ballan-wrasse-for-combating-sea-lice.aspx?page=2
Dr Kvenseth and his colleagues have found up to 300 sea lice in the stomach of a single Ballan wrasse grazing among farmed salmon.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballan_wrasse
It is popular as a food fish
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_w3ipkL1Dd10/S9nv0GRua5I/AAAAAAAABVQ/168EVSEZZI0/s1600/bdataz.jpg
assering digital ad displays
You can bet that they left out the letter that R' Hershel Schechter wrote to Rabbis Genack & Belsky that there is no heter to not fix the oil tanker problem.
http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/137297
The OU's new book, OU Manual for the Oil Industry, seeks to set worldwide standards for kosher cooking oil and other edible oils. The book was written by an assortment of expert rabbis knowledgeable in both the laws of kosher food and the most up-to-date techniques used in oil production.
The manual focuses on three issues: the method of production, kashrut concerns that may arise and the way in which to supervise the production process, and relevant Jewish legal (halachic) rulings from Rabbi Hershel Schachter and Rabbi Yisroel Belsky.
There are kosher restaurants in NY that do this and they take more than just a few pennies. This is usually done by the restaurant owner himself since it is his money - workers don't care as much because it's not their money. Count your change carefully.
http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/30/complaint-box-rounding-up/?hp
April 30, 2010, 9:55 AM
Complaint Box | Exacting Change
By STEVEN JAY WEISZ
I dine out often, and lately I’ve noticed a new trend occurring in some restaurants. I call it the Great Roundup.
The last time it happened, I was having a perfectly adequate meal at one of my favorite neighborhood bistros. My lunch, including tax, was $14.71. I placed a crisp $20 bill in the leatherette folder and waited for change. After a few minutes, the waitress returned. I was given a $5 bill and one quarter.
Several questions began to fill my mind. Had I misread the check? Did the waitress forget the monies due? Could this be some new Metropolitan Transportation Authority or stimulus tax?
The waitress, sensing that something was amiss, returned to my table. And then it came, the moment of truth. I was a lone cowboy in the midst of the Great Roundup and, in an effort to right all the wrongs in life and commerce, I said, “Excuse me, but I believe you gave me the incorrect change.”
My twentysomething server picked up the check and squinted at it. She then looked at the folder, which still contained the fiver and the quarter. “You mean you want the four cents?” she asked.
“Yes,” I said (instantly feeling like the lowest invertebrate to inhabit Manhattan Island). “Yes, I do.”
Even if it is pennies, is this even legal?
I am not sure what possessed me to make my stand against the fickle forces of shortchange-dom. The waitress did return and, though neither one of us could look the other in the eye, she presented me with a shiny new nickel and, hence, a one-cent profit
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